PATNA: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ruling alliance faces a challenging regional election in Bihar next month, as rising youth unemployment and public distrust over voter rolls threaten to test the stability of his coalition, which depends heavily on regional allies.
Bihar, one of India’s poorest and most populous states with over 130 million residents, has long played a pivotal role in shaping national politics. Its Chief Minister Nitish Kumar — known for his shifting allegiances between Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the opposition — is currently a key figure within Modi’s National Democratic Alliance (NDA).
The eastern state forms part of India’s politically decisive Hindi heartland, where the outcome of Bihar’s assembly polls could have ripple effects ahead of upcoming elections in Assam, West Bengal, and Tamil Nadu.
Any cracks within the NDA in Bihar could weaken Modi’s broader coalition, which currently holds 293 of 543 seats in the national Parliament and maintains a solid foothold primarily in Assam.
Women are a key voting bloc in tight poll
The Vote Vibe agency said its opinion poll in Bihar showed the NDA had a marginal 1.6 percentage point lead over the opposition alliance, led by the Rashtriya Janata Dal and the Congress party as of October 8.
“This election could swing either way,” the agency said in its outlook, noting that the NDA’s slight edge was due to its recent programmes, such as money transfers to 12.1 million women under a self-employment subsidy that totalled more than 121 billion rupees ($1.37 billion).
Nivedita Jha, an activist based in Bihar’s state capital Patna, said women will form a strong voting bloc in the poll because men usually leave Bihar in search of jobs in economic hubs like Mumbai and New Delhi and not all return to vote.
“Women take the decisions because the men are not here,” she said. “They talk about the opposition which has promised more money if they come to power, and my understanding is that they trust the opposition more”.
Some Bihar voters are also angry about the revision of the state voter list. In one case, 85-year-old Jitni Devi said she was removed from the list and can no longer vote or access her pension.
“They have declared me dead,” she told Reuters. “People in my village tease me as a dead woman, and bank officials shoo me away when I go there to withdraw my money.”
The state election commission did not respond to queries about Devi’s case. The federal election body has previously said that all complaints are investigated thoroughly.
Young voters angry over unemployment
Anxiety among young voters in Bihar over employment is another election issue, despite a falling unemployment rate.
Government data showed that 9.9% of people aged 15–29 were unemployed in Bihar in the fiscal year 2023–24, a significant drop from 30.9% in 2018–19, but concerns persist.
“For me, I have seen my father going out of Bihar for work, so the issue of jobs matters the most,” said Babloo Kumar, 25, who plans to vote for the first time in November.
A new political party, Jan Suraaj — founded by Prashant Kishor, Modi’s former poll manager — said it aims to reset the political agenda in Bihar.
“Joblessness, migration, increasing debts, loss in agriculture revenue are the issues in Bihar,” said the party’s national president Uday Singh. “There is a big dip in Modi’s popularity here”.
The opposition has promised a law guaranteeing at least one government job per family, if desired.
Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party, however, said it remains confident of victory.
“The NDA alliance is in a very solid position,” said Guru Prakash Paswan, a BJP spokesperson. “People have strong faith in Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision”.
Voting will be held on November 6 and 11 for 243 state assembly seats, and results will be declared on November 14.
